Khubilai Khan: Fall Of The Mongol Hordes (dc)

realm ruled by the great Mongol khans in the 13th and 14th centuries; uniting almost all of western and eastern Asia, it was one of the largest land empires in history. The original homeland of the Mongols, situated in the eastern zone of the Asian steppe, was bounded by the Hinggan Mountains on the east, the Altai and Tien Shan mountains on the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baykal on the north, and the Great Wall of China on the south. Today this region comprises approximately the Chinese Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia, the Republic of Mongolia, and the southern fringes of Siberia. Consisting for the most part of fertile prairies and wooded mountains in the north, the Gobi Desert in the central zone, and vast grasslands in the south, the entire region lies about 1000 m (about 3000 ft) above sea level. With the exception of the northernmost extremities, the region is extremely arid. In this environment Mongolian-speaking tribes developed a pastoral economy based on the sheep and the horse, the latter supplemented by the camel in the most arid regions. Certain commodities, such as grain, textiles, tea, and metals, were obtained through trade with the adjacent agricultural civilization of China. Other than tending the flocks, hunting was the foremost occupation. The way of life was nomadic and the social organization was tribal. Tribal warfare was endemic, and individuals of great personal prowess moved easily to positions of leadership. The political-military hierarchy of the tribe was bound together by personal bonds of mutual protection and loyalty extending downward from the chieftain, to subordinate chiefs, to individual warriors.

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